How Do You Think the Problem of Priestless Parishs Should...

Parishes are a common practice in the Catholic Church. They are a division of a diocese which has its own church and members of the clergy. A parish priest is appointed and entrusted with the spiritual care of his parishioners. In 2008, 49,631 parishes in the world had no resident priest or pastor (CARA services. Frequently requested Church statistics). Parishes without a priest can cause great difficulties for people. The role of a priest within a parish is vital; a priest is someone who is there for the sick and the dying, a shoulder to cry in times of need and a priest allows parishioners access to each of the seven sacraments. In recent times the total number of priests has decreased and the average age of serving priests has†¦show more content†¦Their celibacy expresses their complete and total identification with Christ and their commitment to continuing his mission. Surely this preparation phase is enough time for a priest to either see the benefit in celibacy or lack there off for them as an individual. Celibacy is a big sacrifice for anyone to undertake. Married life too has sacrifices - very different sacrifices; however there is no value in saying one is more of a sacrifice than another. Those in a marriage have many sacrifices that may go unrecognized because they are considered normal. For instance, married couples have a commitment to their partners to be faithful, honest, and dedicated to making the relationship successful. For those with children, the commitments and responsibilities are even greater. There are many cultures around the world that do not expect clergy celibacy (Daly, 2009) including Christian denominations who allow ministers/priests to marry. These Churches demonstrate how marriage is compatible with the priestly life. These churches present a great example of how familial responsibilities are compatible with religious commitments. A study of married Evangelical ministers and Roman Catholic priests revealed that there were no significant differences in dimensions of religiosity or commitments to the parish between the celibate and married clergymen (Swenson, 1998). Both are

The Human Resource ( Hr ) - 2186 Words

The human resource (HR) in an organization deals with the day to day operations of the human resources department. The HR department deals with business law, compensation, employee relations, benefits, medical and the like. HR focuses on whom the organization hires, whom the organization fires and remediation to employees who need discipline and retooling to continue their employment. The functions of the HR department in my organization include: recruiting and retaining talent, performance management and compensation, employee benefits, recruitment and staffing and employee rights and safety. In spite of the turbulent environment facing the healthcare industry today, my organization has however proven its effectiveness in performance measures however, improvement is needed in the areas of defining and aligning organizational purpose, creating organizational alignment and accurately measuring the right things. In rating this department, there are questions regarding the organizationà ¢â‚¬â„¢s strategic process that will be examine below. Recommendations will include creating an organizational culture where trust, open communication, and fairness are emphasized and demonstrated. Providing employees with opportunities for career advancement, offering a higher total rewards package than other organizations that compete for the same talent. By recruiting and retaining talent and providing professional and development training, the HR instillShow MoreRelatedThe Human Resource ( Hr )1572 Words   |  7 Pages The human resource (HR) in an organization deals with the day to day operations of the human resources department. The HR department deals with business law, compensation, employee relations, benefits, medical and the like. HR focuses on whom the organization hires, whom the organization fires and remediation to employees who need discipline and retooling to continue their employment. The functions of the HR department in my organizat ion include: recruiting and retaining talent, performanceRead MoreThe Human Resource ( Hr )1655 Words   |  7 PagesThe human resource (HR) in an organization deals with the day to day operations of the human resources department. The HR department deals with business law, compensation, employee relations, benefits, medical and the like. HR focuses on whom the organization hires, whom the organization fires and remediation to employees who need discipline and retooling to continue their employment. The functions of the HR department in my organization include: recruiting and retaining talent, performance managementRead MoreHuman Resources and Hr985 Words   |  4 PagesActivity 1: Human resource department is the field that takes control of training and overseeing employees. Therefore, it is important for HR personnel to develop and maintain some skills and knowledge in that field. 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HR departments are expanding in companies regardless of their size. Due to state and federal law, human resource departments have to adapt and grow. These HR laws are in place to help both the employee and the employer. This paper will discuss the Family and Medical Leave Act and what it is able to provide for employees. The Law PublicRead MoreHuman Resource Management And The Hr Department1532 Words   |  7 Pages Although Human Resource Management did begin as a administrative job, advancements in technology has increased a business’s resources to the point of needing this department to take on a more strategic role. The HR Department is or all intend and purposes the center point for the employees needs ranging from - payroll, benefits, vacation, as well as staying up to date with the legal matters. The roles the HR department have always been aimed at meeting the needs of the employee, with a strategic

Exploration of Pharmacology Case for Asthma- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theExploration of Pharmacology Case for Childhood Asthma. Answer: Introduction: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory and allergic disease associated with symptoms like insufficient breathing, coughing and wheezing. Childhood asthma is more prevalent and nocturnal cough is the most prominent symptom of it. Patient in this case, Jessica is having asthma. She is five-year child and she is showing symptoms like cold, nasal discharge, nocturnal cough and breath shortness. Risk factors responsible for the occurrence of asthma are cold air, exercise, pollen and viruses. It can also occur due to medications like aspirin and blockers. Genetic factors also play major role in the occurrence of asthma. Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions occur in asthma. In this paper different aspects of asthma in Jessica are discussed. These aspects include pathophysiology, treatment and symptoms related to the asthma. Pharmacology: Constriction is a prominent feature of asthma. Constrictions of the airway can lead to the constriction of muscle surrounding chest which results in the tightness of the chest. Breathing problem in the asthma patients results in the lowered oxygen saturation in asthma patients which results in the diminished supply of oxygen to muscles and cells. Deficiency of oxygen can lead to development of fatigue in asthma patients. Patients with progressive and worsening asthma exhibit nocturnal asthma which results in insomnia and fatigue in the daytime (Krishnan et al., 2012; S124-35). Bronchoconstriction produces shortness of breath in Jessica. Hence, bronchodilator such as salbutamol was being administered to her. Salbutamol in the form of inhalation is useful as bronchodilator in asthma patients. Inhaled salbutamol exhibits peak plasma concentration at 3 4 hours after inhalation. Hence, Jessica can get relieved from the breathlessness after 3 4 hours after its administration. Inhaled salbutamol exhibits average plasma half-life of 4 6 hours. However, literature indicate that salbutamol can exhibit bronchodilation within five minutes of its administration, irrespective of the plasma concentration. Hence, inhaled salbutamol can exhibit its efficacy upto approximately 20 hours because concentration of drug become approximately negligible after 4 half-lives. Salbutamol metabolism occurs through phase II metabolism and it produces glucuronide and sulphated conjugates. Approximately 85 % of the inhaled drug can be detected in the urine after 48 hours. It indicates that there is not complete elimination of drug in Jessica after 48 hours. Hence, there can be bronchodilation and improvement in breathing in Jessica within five minutes of its administration and it can lasts upto 4 6 hours. Inflammation is the main mechanism responsible for the occurrence of asthma. Henceforth, to reduce this inflammation, anti-inflammatory medication such as prednisone is being administered to Jessica. Prednisolone exhibits peak plasms concentration at around 1 3 hours. Hence, it exhibits maximum anti-inflammatory effect at around 3 hours. From the literature, it is evident that there is no correlation exists between the plasma concentration of prednisolone and clinical response. However, it can be considered that alternate day administration with fluctuating plasma concentrations can be considered as the most effective regimen for the administration of prednisolone. However, in case Jessica, STAT dose of prednisolone is advised because she is exhibiting breathlessness. Breathlessness can occur in Jessica due to bronchoconstriction as a result of inflammation and its medicators. Hence, emergency administration of prednisolone is advised in Jessica. Plasms half-life of prednisolone is 2.1 to 3.5 hours. Hence, it can exhibit its effect upto 10 12 hours (Bergmann et al., 2016). Ipratropium inhalation can be used as broncholytic agent in asthma patients. It can be useful to open the congested respiratory tract in asthma patients. Bioavailability of ipratropium is between 1 6 %. Half-life of inhaled ipratropium is 2 hours. Hence, this drug can produce its effect upto approximately 6 hours after its administration. Ipratropium can be excreted in urine and feces as unchanged and as metabolites. It produces eight metabolites, however none of the metabolites are active as anticholinergic drug. It gets metabolized in inactive ester hydrolysis products. Ipratropium bromide is being given to Jessica for three times with 20 minutes apart duration (Norris Ambery, 2013). Hence, it can be useful in maintaining required concentration for exhibiting broncholytic effect in Jessica. Symptoms: Jessica is showing symptoms line coughing and wheezing. Coughing is the most common symptom of asthma. In asthma patients, cough can be of two types like dry cough and wet cough. In children of Jessicas age, there can be augmented intensity and frequency of cough at the night time. It is called as nocturnal cough (Ng How, 2014; 36-41). Cough have categorized into productive and nonproductive cough. In productive cough, phlegm can be expelled; hence bacteria and other particles can have eliminated from the respiratory tract. Henceforth, it is considered as one of the defense and protective systems of the body. However, majority of the Asthma patients produce non-productive cough which is dry in nature (Niimi et al., 2013; 932-7).. Irritants which are risk factors of bronchoconstriction are mainly responsible for non-productive cough. This bronchoconstriction can be treated by administering bronchodilator like inhaled salbutamol. Salbutamol exhibits its action by acting on the 2 adren ergic receptors and it produces agonist activity on this receptor. There are different types of 2 agonists available and salbutamol is the short acting 2 agonist. In the bronchial smooth muscle of the lung, 2 adrenergic receptors are the major receptors. Agonist activity of the salbutamol results in the 2 adrenergic receptors activation, which further produces activation of the adenyl cyclase enzyme. Adenyl cyclase produces its action by catalyzing conversion of adenosine-tri-phosphate (ATP) to adenosine-mono-phosphate (cyclic AMP). Augmentation of the cyclic AMP exhibits its effect by bronchial smooth muscle relaxation (Busse et al., 2016; 54-64). Airway resistance is also a prominent feature of asthma. Salbutamol reduces intracellular calcium ion concentrations in the airway and reduces airway resistance. Increase in the levels of histamine and leukotriene results in the bronchoconstriction. Cyclic AMP level augmentation can lead to inhibition of release of histamine and leukotrie ne. Hence, it produces relaxation effect of airway by inhibiting bronchoconstrictors like histamine and leukotriene (van Buul, 2015; 1713-25). Wheezing is the whistling sound of exhaled air. Wheezing follows forceful flow of air through the narrow and constricted airways. Chronic inflammation and mucus deposition are mainly responsible for the occurrence of wheezing in asthma patients like Jessica. As a result of airway narrowing and bronchoconstriction, insufficient breathing can occur in patients (Pescatore et al., 2014; 8-13). This inflammation can be treated with anti-inflammatory medication like prednisolone. It exhibits its action by different mechanisms such as : acting on feedback mechanism in immune system, anti-inflammatory and as immune suppressant. As a result, it can be useful in different immune medicated diseases like asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and sepsis. It produces its anti-inflammatory action by binding to glucocorticoid receptor (Agache, 2013; 249-56). Through this binding, there is activation of glucocorticoid receptors. Its activation initiates two processes like transacti vation and transrepression. Both transactivation and transrepression are responsible for the anti-inflammatory action of prednisone. Transactivation process produces anti-inflammatory effect by upregulation of different anti-inflammatory genes like lipocortin I, p11/calpactin binding protein, secretory leukoprotease inhibitor 1 (SLPI), and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (MAPK phosphatase). Transrepression process produces anti-inflammatory action by suppressing expression of proinflammatory proteins in cytosol. It results in the prevention of translocation of transcription factors like NF-B from cytosol to the nucleus (Olin Wechsler, 2014, 349). Critical thinking and rationale: Asthma pathophysiology can be categorized in four different aspects like bronchoconstriction, airway edema, airway hyper responsiveness and airway remodeling. Allergens lead to Immunoglobulin E (IgE) dependent secretions like histamine, leukotrienes and prostaglandins. Mast cells released mediators lead to contraction of airway smooth muscles, narrowing of the airways and bronchoconstriction. Jessica also exhibiting shortness of breath due to bronchoconstriction. Inflammation of the airways is mainly responsible for the bronchoconstriction (Mims, 2015; S2-6). Inflammation of the airways and bronchoconstriction are the main hall marks of asthma. Hence, by administration of bronchodilator like salbutamol there can be improvement in the bronchoconstriction in asthma patient like Jessica. By administration of anti-inflammatory drug like prednisolone there can be improvement in the pathological processes like airway edema, airway hyper responsiveness and airway remodeling. Different inflammatory cells like Th2 lymphocytes, mast cells, eosinophils, dendritic cells, epithelial cells, microphases and resident cells of airway play important role in inflammation of airways. Th2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 contribute for the inflammation in asthma. Mucus hypersecretion and deposition of mucus plugs due to inflammation produce edema in airway which results in the hindrance for flow of air through airways (Doeing Solway, 2013; 834-43). Anticholinergic drug like ipratropium inhalation can act broncholytic agent to open the respiratory tract. By administration of the anti-inflammatory drug like prednisolone, secretion of these inflammatory mediators can be reversed and further consequences of inflammation like bronchoconstriction, airway edema, airway hyper responsiveness and airway remodeling can be prevented. By preventing these pathological changes breathing insufficiency can be improved and coughing and sneezing can be prevented. Airflow limitati on results in the less oxygen saturation in Jessica. To compensate, less oxygen saturation, Jessica is being supplemented with artificial oxygen with flow rate of 10 - 15L/minute via face mask (Bergmann, 2014; 69-80; West et al., 2013). Medications administered to Jessica can be useful to produce either symptomatic relief or can be useful in the acute stage. Hence, in chronic stage of asthma varied pathological changes like airway hyperresponsiveness subsequent to the chronic inflammation and structural changes can occur. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the airways and lungs can occur due to chronic inflammation. Airway remodeling results in the structural and pathological alterations in the respiratory tract followed by chronic inflammation. It results in the loss of lung function. Airway remodeling produces structural cells activation in the airway, structural alterations of cells in the airway and airway responsiveness alterations. Airway remodeling produces changes like sub-basement membrane thickening, subepithelial fibrosis, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle, proliferation and dilation of blood vessels, mucous gland hyperplasia and hypersecretion. Airway remodeling reflects persistent, chronic and progressive feature of the asthma. Airway narrowing and airway modeling results in the forceful flow of air through the airways which can produce coughing and wheezing in the asthma patients. Due to airway narrowing and airway modeling, there is forceful passage of air through airways of Jessica. In Jessica also, this forceful passage of air lead to coughing and sneezing (Bonini Usmani, 2015; 281-93). Hence, it is necessary to administer medications to recover from the airway remodeling. Conclusion: Asthma is a multifactorial disease due to different risk factors and varied symptoms. Symptoms of asthma can be prevented by averting exposure to risk factors like allergens and irritants. Coughing and wheezing are the prominent symptoms of asthma; however, these are also associated with other respiratory diseases. Hence, accurate diagnosis need to be performed for providing specific treatment and management of asthma. Pathological changes in asthma comprises of sequential events like inflammation, edema, bronchospasm, and remodeling. Pathological changes like inflammation and bronchospasm can be treated with medications like anti-inflammatory drugs and bronchodilator inhalation. Multiple mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma; hence it exhibits different symptoms. All these mechanisms can not be targeted by using single drug and all these symptoms can not be treated by using single drug. Hence, research need to be carried to develop drug with multiple effects on varie d mechanisms of asthma. In summary, more research is required for providing complete treatment to asthma patients. References: Agache, I.O. (2013). From phenotypes to endotypes to asthma treatment. Current Opinion In Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 13(3), 249-56. https://insights.ovid.com/allergy-clinical-immunology/coaci/2013/06/000/phenotypes-endotypes-asthma-treatment/6/00130832. Bergmann, T.K., Barraclough, K.A., Lee, K.J., Staatz CE. (2012). Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prednisolone and prednisone in solid organ transplantation. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 51(11), pp. 711-41. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23018468. Bergmann, K.C. (2014). Asthma. Chemical Immunology and Allergy, 100, pp. 69-80. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24925386. Bonini, M., Usmani, O.S. (2015). The role of the small airways in the pathophysiology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease, 9(6), pp. 281-93. Busse, W.W., Dahl, R., Jenkins, C., Cruz, A.A. (2016). Long-acting muscarinic antagonists: a potential add-on therapy in the treatment of asthma? European Respiratory Review, 25(139), pp. 54-64. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26929422. Doeing, D.C, Solway, J. (2013). Airway smooth muscle in the pathophysiology and treatment of asthma. Journal of Applied Physiology, 114(7), pp. 834-43. Krishnan, J.A, Lemanske, R.F. Jr., Canino, G.J., Elward, K.S., Kattan, M., Matsui, E.C., Mitchell, H., Sutherland, E.R., Minnicozzi, M. (2012). Asthma outcomes: symptoms. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 129(3), pp. S124-35. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23305987. Mims, J.W. (2015). Asthma: definitions and pathophysiology. International Forum of Allergy Rhinology, 5(l), pp. S2-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26335832. Ng, M.C., How, C.H. (2014). Recurrent wheeze and cough in young children: is it asthma? Singapore Medical Journal, 55(5), pp. 36-41. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24862744. Norris, V., Ambery, C. (2013). Bronchodilation and safety of supratherapeutic doses of salbutamol or ipratropium bromide added to single dose GSK961081 in patients with moderate to severe COPD. Pulmonary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 26(5), pp. 574-80. Niimi, A., Ohbayashi, H., Sagara, H., Yamauchi, K., Akiyama, K., Takahashi, K., Inoue, H. et al.,(2013). Cough variant and cough-predominant asthma are major causes of persistent cough: a multicenter study in Japan. Journal of Asthma, 50(9), pp. 932-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23841529. Olin, J..T, Wechsler, M.E. (2014). Asthma: pathogenesis and novel drugs for treatment. British Medical Journal, 349, g5517. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g5517. Pescatore,A.M., Dogaru, C.M., Duembgen, L., Silverman, M., Gaillard, E.A., Spycher, B.D., Kuehni, C.E. (2014). A simple asthma prediction tool for preschool children with wheeze or cough. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 133(1), pp. 8-13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23891353. van Buul, A.R, Taube, C. (2015). Treatment of severe asthma: entering the era of targeted therapy. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 15(12), pp. 1713-25. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26331583. West, A.R., Syyong, H.T., Siddiqui, S., Pascoe, C.D., Murphy, T.M., Maarsingh, H., Deng, L., Maksym, G.N., Boss, Y. (2013). Airway contractility and remodeling: links to asthma symptoms. Pulmonary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 26(1), pp. 3-12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22989721.